772 research outputs found
Two-Loop Polarization Contributions to Radiative-Recoil Corrections to Hyperfine Splitting in Muonium
We calculate radiative-recoil corrections of order
to hyperfine splitting in muonium generated by the
diagrams with electron and muon polarization loops. These corrections are
enhanced by the large logarithm of the electron-muon mass ratio. The leading
logarithm cubed and logarithm squared contributions were obtained a long time
ago. The single-logarithmic and nonlogarithmic contributions calculated here
improve the theory of hyperfine splitting, and affect the value of the
electron-muon mass ratio extracted from the experimental data on the muonium
hyperfine splitting.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figure
Quantum Electrodynamics of the Helium Atom
Using singlet S states of the helium atom as an example, I describe precise
calculation of energy levels in few-electron atoms. In particular, a complete
set of effective operators is derived which generates O(m*alpha^6) relativistic
and radiative corrections to the Schr"odinger energy. Average values of these
operators can be calculated using a variational Schr"odinger wave function.Comment: 23 pages, revte
Learning through social spaces: migrant women and lifelong learning in post-colonial London
This article shows how migrant women engage in learning through social spaces. It argues that such spaces are little recognised, and that there are multiple ways in which migrant women construct and negotiate their informal learning through socialising with other women in different informal modes. Additionally, the article shows how learning is shaped by the socio-political, geographical and multicultural context of living in London, outlining ways in which gendered and racialised identities shape, construct and constrain participation in lifelong learning. The article shows that one way in which migrant women resist (post)colonial constructions of difference is by engaging in informal and non-formal lifelong learning, arguing that the benefits are (at least) two-fold. The women develop skills (including language skills) but also use their informal learning to develop what is referred to in this article as 'relational capital'. The article concludes that informal lifelong learning developed through social spaces can enhance a sense of belonging for migrant women
Producing valid statistics when legislation, culture, and medical practices differ for births at or before the threshold of survival: Report of a European workshop
To access publisher's full text version of this article, please click on the hyperlink in Additional Links field or click on the hyperlink at the top of the page marked Downloa
The compositional and evolutionary logic of metabolism
Metabolism displays striking and robust regularities in the forms of
modularity and hierarchy, whose composition may be compactly described. This
renders metabolic architecture comprehensible as a system, and suggests the
order in which layers of that system emerged. Metabolism also serves as the
foundation in other hierarchies, at least up to cellular integration including
bioenergetics and molecular replication, and trophic ecology. The
recapitulation of patterns first seen in metabolism, in these higher levels,
suggests metabolism as a source of causation or constraint on many forms of
organization in the biosphere.
We identify as modules widely reused subsets of chemicals, reactions, or
functions, each with a conserved internal structure. At the small molecule
substrate level, module boundaries are generally associated with the most
complex reaction mechanisms and the most conserved enzymes. Cofactors form a
structurally and functionally distinctive control layer over the small-molecule
substrate. Complex cofactors are often used at module boundaries of the
substrate level, while simpler ones participate in widely used reactions.
Cofactor functions thus act as "keys" that incorporate classes of organic
reactions within biochemistry.
The same modules that organize the compositional diversity of metabolism are
argued to have governed long-term evolution. Early evolution of core
metabolism, especially carbon-fixation, appears to have required few
innovations among a small number of conserved modules, to produce adaptations
to simple biogeochemical changes of environment. We demonstrate these features
of metabolism at several levels of hierarchy, beginning with the small-molecule
substrate and network architecture, continuing with cofactors and key conserved
reactions, and culminating in the aggregation of multiple diverse physical and
biochemical processes in cells.Comment: 56 pages, 28 figure
Single-Spin Observables and Orbital Structures in Hadronic Distributions
Within the light-quark sector of the standard model, P-odd observables are
generated from point-like electroweak processes while A_t- odd observables
(neglecting quark mass parameters) come from dynamic spin-orbit correlations
within hadrons or within larger composite systems, such as nuclei. The effects
of A_t-odd dynamics can be inserted into transverse-momentum dependent
constituent distribution functions and, in this paper, we construct the
contribution from an orbital quark to the A_t odd quark parton distribution.
Using this distribution, we examine the crucial role of initial- and
final-state interactions in the observation of the scattering asymmetries in
different hard-scattering processes. This construction provides a geometrical
and dynamical interpretation of the Collins conjugation relation between
single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and the
asymmetries in Drell-Yan production. Finally, our construction allows us to
display a significant difference between the calculation of a spin asymmetry
generated by a hard scattering mechanism involving color-singlet exchange (such
as a photon) and a calculation of an asymmetry with a hard-scattering exchange
involving gluons. This leads to an appreciation of the process dependence
inherent in measurements of single-spin observables.Comment: 35 pages, 6 figure
Twistors, Harmonics and Holomorphic Chern-Simons
We show that the off-shell N=3 action of N=4 super Yang-Mills can be written
as a holomorphic Chern-Simons action whose Dolbeault operator is constructed
from a complex-real (CR) structure of harmonic space. We also show that the
local space-time operators can be written as a Penrose transform on the coset
SU(3)/(U(1) \times U(1)). We observe a strong similarity to ambitwistor space
constructions.Comment: 34 pages, 3 figures, v2: replaced with published version, v3: Added
referenc
Counting to one: reducibility of one- and two-loop amplitudes at the integrand level
Calculation of amplitudes in perturbative quantum field theory involve large
loop integrals. The complexity of those integrals, in combination with the
large number of Feynman diagrams, make the calculations very difficult.
Reduction methods proved to be very helpful, lowering the number of integrals
that need to be actually calculated. Especially, the reduction at the integrand
level technique, improves the speed and set-up of these calculations. In this
article we demonstrate, by counting the numbers of tensor structures and
independent coefficients, how to write such relations at the integrand level
for one- and two-loop amplitudes. We clarify their connection to the so-called
spurious terms at one loop and discuss their structure in the two-loop case.
This method is also applicable to higher loops, and the results obtained apply
to both planar and non-planar diagrams
Sequential dependency for affective appraisal of food images
Abstract How we perceive the world is not solely determined by our experiences at a given moment in time, but also by what we have experienced in our immediate past. Here, we investigated whether such sequential effects influence the affective appraisal of food images. Participants from 16 different countries (Nâ=â1278) watched a randomly presented sequence of 60 different food images and reported their affective appraisal of each image in terms of valence and arousal. For both measures, we conducted an inter-trial analysis, based on whether the rating on the preceding trial(s) was low or high. The analyses showed that valence and arousal ratings for a given food image are both assimilated towards the ratings on the previous trial (i.e., a positive serial dependence). For a given trial, the arousal rating depends on the arousal ratings up to three trials back. For valence, we observed a positive dependence for the immediately preceding trial only, while a negative (repulsive) dependence was present up to four trials back. These inter-trial effects were larger for males than for females, but independent of the participantsâ BMI, age, and cultural background. The results of this exploratory study may be relevant for the design of websites of food delivery services and restaurant menus
- âŠ